Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) remain one of the most common and preventable neurodevelopmental conditions worldwide, yet their presentation and severity vary widely across individuals. This research explores that complexity by examining how genetic and epigenetic factors interact with prenatal alcohol exposure to shape outcomes. Moving beyond a singular focus on alcohol as a teratogen, the study highlights the role of genetic polymorphisms in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, maternal–fetal interactions, and molecular mechanisms such as DNA methylation and microRNA regulation in influencing susceptibility to harm. By integrating these biological insights with clinical perspectives, the research advances a precision medicine approach to FASD—one that emphasizes early identification, individualized risk assessment, and more targeted prevention strategies.
